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Spank Da Monkey, Tribute J.b. Family, Control Yourself Cousin Playlist

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Animal of the "higher primates" (the simians), but excluding the apes

For the monophyletic clade, see Simian.

Monkeys

Temporal range: Late Eocene–Nowadays [one]

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Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Mangaon, Maharashtra, Republic of india
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Guild: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
[a]
Groups included
Platyrrhini
Cercopithecidae
†Parapithecidae
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Hominoidea

Monkey is a common name that may refer to virtually mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known every bit simians are counted every bit monkeys except the apes, a grouping known as paraphyletic; however in the broader sense based on cladistics, apes (Hominoidea) are also included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regard of their scope. Monkeys are divided into the families of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Sometime Globe monkeys (Cercopithecidae in the strict sense; Catarrhini in the broad sense, which again includes apes).

Many monkey species are tree-dwelling house (arboreal), although at that place are species that live primarily on the footing, such equally baboons. Most species are mainly agile during the 24-hour interval (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, especially the Old Globe monkeys.

Simians and tarsiers, the two members of the suborder Haplorhini, emerged some lx meg years ago. New Earth monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 one thousand thousand years ago. Old Globe monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 1000000 years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [35–32 million years ago] are also considered monkeys past primatologists.[3] [four] [v] [6] [7]

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys; instead they are strepsirrhine primates (suborder Strepsirrhini). The simians' sister grouping, the tarsiers are also haplorhine primates; however, they are as well non monkeys.

Apes emerged within "monkeys" as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, and then cladistically they are monkeys as well. There has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) every bit monkeys, so "Quondam World monkey" may be taken to mean either the Cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the Catarrhini (including apes).[8] [9] [10] [xi] [12] [13] [14] [xv] [xvi] That apes are monkeys was already realized past Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.[17]

Monkeys, including apes, tin can be distinguished from other primates by having merely two pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers.[eighteen] [ better source needed ]

Historical and modern terminology

Co-ordinate to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the discussion "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Play a trick on fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the legend, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.[19] In English, no articulate distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.[20] Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.[21] Also, a few monkey species accept the give-and-take "ape" in their common proper noun, such as the Barbary ape.

Later in the first one-half of the 20th century, the idea adult that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a serial, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.[22] Monkeys thus constituted a "form" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes".

Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination was non, since it excluded hominoids (apes and humans). Thus, the term "monkey" no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes, or simians. However this besides contains the hominoids, so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-man hominoids.[23] In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reverberate cladistics.[12] [24] [25] [26] [27]

A grouping of monkeys may exist normally referred to as a tribe or a troop.[28]

Two separate groups of primates are referred to every bit "monkeys": New Earth monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Primal America and Old Globe monkeys (catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos, and humans—are also catarrhines simply were classically distinguished from monkeys.[29] [iv] [30] [31] Tailless monkeys may be chosen "apes", incorrectly according to modernistic usage; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the "Barbary ape".

Description

As apes have emerged in the monkey grouping as sister of the onetime earth monkeys, characteristics that depict monkeys are mostly shared by apes too. Williams et al outlined evolutionary features, including in stem groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes.[32]

Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which can exist as small-scale as 117 millimetres (4.6 in) with a 172-millimetre (half-dozen.eight in) tail and but over 100 grams (3.v oz) in weight,[33] to the male person mandrill, almost 1 metre (iii.three ft) long and weighing up to 36 kilograms (79 lb).[34] Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others alive on the savanna; diets differ amid the various species only may incorporate any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).[35]

Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys take prehensile tails while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. One-time World monkeys take trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New Earth monkeys may exist trichromatic, dichromatic, or—as in the owl monkeys and greater galagos—monochromatic. Although both the New and Old Earth monkeys, similar the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though over again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps.[35]

Nomenclature

The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates.

  • Guild Primates
    • Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, and galagos
    • Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
      • Infraorder Tarsiiformes
        • Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
      • Infraorder Simiiformes: simians
        • Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
          • Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins (42 species)
          • Family unit Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys (14 species)
          • Family Aotidae: night monkeys (11 species)
          • Family unit Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris (41 species)
          • Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys (24 species)
        • Parvorder Catarrhini
          • Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
            • Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys (135 species)
          • Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
            • Family Hylobatidae: gibbons ("lesser apes") (20 species)
            • Family unit Hominidae: peachy apes (including humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans) (eight species)

Cladogram with extinct families

Beneath is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families.[36] [37] [38] Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well equally simians or anthropoids,[29] [4] [30] which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[39] [40] [41] [42] It is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted "Quondam World monkey" group from the Erstwhile Globe (probably Africa) to the New Globe (South America).[4]

Relationship with humans

Macaque on a "Please do not feed monkeys" sign in Ko Chang, Thailand.

Sign at a store in Swyambhunath, Bagmati, Nepal, which reads "Monkey'southward Food is Available hither". Some places use their monkey population as a tourist allure.

The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept equally pets, others used equally model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for the disabled.

In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests, and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops.[43] [44] This tin can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject field to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage.[45] Monkeys that accept become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also exist considered pests, attacking tourists.[46]

In popular culture monkeys are a symbol of playfulness, mischief and fun.[47] [ circular reference ]

Equally service animals for disabled people

Some organizations train capuchin monkeys every bit service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a homo habitation as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training earlier being placed with disabled people. Effectually the firm, the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care.[48]

Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools past private organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25–30 years (2 to 3 times longer than a guide canis familiaris).[49]

In 2010, the U.S. federal government revised its definition of service creature nether the Americans with Disabilities Human action (ADA). Non-human primates are no longer recognized equally service animals under the ADA.[fifty] The American Veterinarian Medical Association does not support the utilise of non-human primates as assist animals because of animate being welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans.[51]

In experiments

The most common monkey species found in fauna inquiry are the grivet, the rhesus macaque, and the crab-eating macaque, which are either wild-caught or purpose-bred.[52] [53] They are used primarily because of their relative ease of treatment, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. Worldwide, it is thought that betwixt 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in inquiry each year,[53] 64.7% of which are Old Globe monkeys, and 5.5% New Earth monkeys.[54] This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in inquiry.[53] Betwixt 1994 and 2004 the U.s.a. has used an boilerplate of 54,000 non-man primates, while around 10,000 non-man primates were used in the Eu in 2002.[54]

In space

A number of countries have used monkeys equally office of their space exploration programmes, including the U.s.a. and France. The beginning monkey in space was Albert 2, who flew in the United states-launched 5-2 rocket on June 14, 1949.[55]

As food

Monkey brains are eaten as a effeminateness in parts of Southern asia, Africa and Cathay.[56] Monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold every bit "bushmeat". In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden.[57]

Literature

Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, "monkey" may refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Writer Terry Pratchett alludes to this difference in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very trigger-happy if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.

The winged monkeys are prominent characters in L. Frank Baum's Magician of Oz books and in the 1939 film based on Baum'southward 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Faith and worship

Monkey is the symbol of fourth Tirthankara in Jainism, Abhinandananatha.[58] [59]

Hanuman, a prominent deity in Hinduism, is a human being-similar monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, force and longevity to the person who thinks nearly him or Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also stand for trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "listen monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human being mind. Monkey is also one of the 3 Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or iii wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese sociology; together they embody the proverbial principle to "meet no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[threescore]

The Moche people of aboriginal Peru worshipped nature.[61] They placed accent on animals and often depicted monkeys in their fine art.[62]

The Tzeltal people of United mexican states worshipped monkeys as incarnations of their expressionless ancestors.

Zodiac

The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-year bicycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese agenda. The adjacent time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will exist in the year 2028.[63]

Come across too

  • List of New Globe monkey species
  • Listing of Old World monkey species
  • List of individual monkeys
  • List of fictional primates
  • List of primates
  • List of primates by population
  • Monkey Day
  • Signifying monkey

Notes

  1. ^ When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae, it included all non-human monkeys and apes (simians).[ii] Although "monkey" was never a taxonomic name, and is instead a vernacular proper noun for a paraphyletic group, its members autumn under the infraorder Simiiformes.

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Literature cited

  • Groves, C. (2008). Extended Family unit: Long Lost Cousins. Conservation International. ISBN978-ane-934151-25-9. OCLC 300051037.

Further reading

  • "How to Avoid Monkey Bites and Attacks in Southeast Asia" by Gregory Rodgers, Trip Savvy, 21 Dec 2018
  • "Monkeys and Monkey Gods in Mythology, Folklore, and Religion" by Anniina Jokinen, Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature
  • "The Incommunicable Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
  • The Problem with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Do Non Make Skillful Pets, an article past veterinary Lianne McLeod on About.com
  • Helping Hands: Monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national not-profit system based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey

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